Area of Expertise

Drug Metabolism and Transport are fundamental determinants of drug disposition, systemic exposure, efficacy, toxicity, and variability in therapeutic response. At Apex Pharmacology Institute (API), our expertise covers the foundational and advanced principles of Phase I and Phase II drug metabolism, metabolic pathways and biotransformation, CYP and non-CYP enzymes, enzyme induction and inhibition, metabolite formation and identification, first-pass metabolism, hepatic and extrahepatic metabolism, and factors affecting metabolic clearance. Our drug transport training addresses uptake and efflux transporters, transporter-mediated drug disposition, tissue distribution, hepatobiliary and renal transport, transporter–enzyme interplay, and the contribution of transport processes to pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, efficacy, and toxicity.

Our expertise includes the provision of application-focused training in experimental drug metabolism and transport sciences, particularly for learners, researchers, and professionals involved in pharmaceutical and biotechnology research and drug development. Training encompasses liver-based in vitro systems and methodologies—including human and animal liver microsomes, hepatocytes, S9 fractions, cytosolic systems, recombinant enzymes, metabolic stability studies, metabolite profiling, reaction phenotyping, enzyme inhibition and induction studies, intrinsic clearance determination, and in vitro–in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE). We also address experimental approaches for investigating uptake and efflux transport, transporter substrates and inhibitors, transporter-mediated drug–drug interactions, and the selection and interpretation of appropriate experimental models.

Our expertise further extends to in vivo drug metabolism and disposition studies, with emphasis on thoughtful experimental design, data interpretation, and translation across the drug-development continuum. Topics may include selection of experimental models, study design, dosing and sampling strategies, metabolite characterization, species differences, mass-balance concepts, identification of major metabolic pathways, human metabolite considerations, integration of metabolism and transporter data, and prediction of clinical drug–drug interaction risks. By connecting biochemical mechanisms with experimental technologies and translational applications, API equips students, academic researchers, laboratory scientists, and pharmaceutical professionals with the knowledge needed to design, evaluate, interpret, and apply drug metabolism and transport studies to pharmacology, toxicology, clinical research, and drug development.